Annex60.Fluid.HeatPumps.Carnot_y

# .Annex60.Fluid.HeatPumps.Carnot_y

Reversible heat pump with performance curve adjusted based on Carnot efficiency

## Information

This is model of a heat pump whose coefficient of performance COP changes with temperatures in the same way as the Carnot efficiency changes. The input signal y is the control signal for the compressor.

The model allows to either specify the Carnot effectivness ηCarnot,0, or a COP0 at the nominal conditions, together with the evaporator temperature Teva,0 and the condenser temperature Tcon,0, in which case the model computes the Carnot effectivness as

ηCarnot,0 = COP0 ⁄ (Tcon,0 ⁄ (Tcon,0-Teva,0)).

The heat pump COP is computed as the product

COP = ηCarnot,0 COPCarnot ηPL,

where COPCarnot is the Carnot efficiency and ηPL is a polynomial in the heating part load ratio yPL that can be used to take into account a change in COP at part load conditions. This polynomial has the form

ηPL = a1 + a2 yPL + a3 yPL2 + ...

where the coefficients ai are declared by the parameter `a`.

On the `Dynamics` tag, the model can be parametrized to compute a transient or steady-state response. The transient response of the model is computed using a first order differential equation for the evaporator and condenser fluid volumes. The heat pump outlet temperatures are equal to the temperatures of these lumped volumes.

#### Typical use and important parameters

When using this component, make sure that the evaporator and the condenser have sufficient mass flow rate. Based on the mass flow rates, the compressor power, temperature difference and the efficiencies, the model computes how much heat will be added to the condenser and removed at the evaporator. If the mass flow rates are too small, very high temperature differences can result.

The condenser heat flow rate `QCon_flow_nominal` is used to assign the default value for the mass flow rates, which are used for the pressure drop calculations. It is also used to compute the part load efficiency. Hence, make sure that `QCon_flow_nominal` is set to a reasonable value.

The maximum heating capacity is set by the parameter `QCon_flow_max`, which is by default set to infinity.

The coefficient of performance depends on the evaporator and condenser leaving temperature since otherwise the second law of thermodynamics may be violated.

#### Notes

For a similar model that can be used as a chiller, see Annex60.Fluid.Chillers.Carnot_y.

## Revisions

- January 3, 2017, by Michael Wetter:
  Removed parameters `effInpEva` and `effInpCon` and updated documentation. This is for issue 497.
- August 8, 2016, by Michael Wetter:
  Changed default temperature to compute COP to be the leaving temperature as use of the entering temperature can violate the 2nd law if the temperature lift is small.
  This is for Annex 60, issue 497.
- January 26, 2016, by Michael Wetter:
  Refactored model to use the same base class as Annex60.Fluid.Chillers.Carnot_y.
  Changed part load efficiency to depend on heating part load ratio rather than on the compressor part load ratio.
- January 20, 2015, by Damien Picard:
  Add Carnot model to Annex 60 from the Buildings library.
  Removed the flow direction dependency of `staA1`, `staB1`, `staA2` and `staB2` as the efficiency of the Carnot machine should only be computed in the design flow direction.
- December 18, 2015, by Michael Wetter:
  Corrected wrong computation of `staB1` and `staB2` which mistakenly used the `inStream` operator for the configuration without flow reversal. This is for issue 476.
- November 25, 2015 by Michael Wetter:
  Changed sign convention for `dTEva_nominal` to be consistent with other models. The model will still work with the old values for `dTEva_nominal`, but it will write a warning so that users can transition their models.
  Corrected `assert` statement for the efficiency curve. This is for issue 468.
- September 3, 2015 by Michael Wetter:
  Expanded documentation.
- May 6, 2015 by Michael Wetter:
  Added `prescribedHeatFlowRate=true` for `vol2`.
- October 9, 2013 by Michael Wetter:
  Reimplemented the computation of the port states to avoid using the conditionally removed variables `sta_a1`, `sta_a2`, `sta_b1` and `sta_b2`.
- May 10, 2013 by Michael Wetter:
  Added electric power `P` as an output signal.
- October 11, 2010 by Michael Wetter:
  Fixed bug in energy balance.
- March 3, 2009 by Michael Wetter:
  First implementation.

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